Workplace Wellbeing

Rethinking Meaningfulness Through a Cultural Lens: Lessons from Mohsen Joshanloo

In this episode of Meaningful Work Matters, host Andrew Soren speaks with Dr. Mohsen Joshanloo, a personality and cross-cultural psychologist whose research explores mental well-being, emotions, personality traits, and culture. Mohsen is an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology at Keimyung University in South Korea and an Honorary Principal Fellow at the Centre for Wellbeing Science at the University of Melbourne. With a global perspective, he incorporates data from countries across six continents to challenge the assumption that emotional happiness and autonomy are universal ideals.

In their conversation, Soren and Joshanloo explore how different cultures define wellbeing, the phenomenon of “fear of happiness,” and why a sense of purpose may matter more than emotional happiness—especially at work.

The Western Bias in Wellbeing Models

Joshanloo opens with a critique of many dominant models of psychological wellbeing, which often originate in Western societies. These models prioritize individualistic traits like self-esteem, autonomy, and personal growth—an assumption that meaning must be self-generated to be authentic. These ideals don't always translate across cultures.

“The criticism isn’t that other cultures don’t value autonomy or purpose,” Joshanloo explains, “but that the definition of those things changes depending on cultural context.”

In what Joshanloo describes as collectivist or traditional societies, meaning is often derived from social roles, tradition, or guidance from elders. Far from being seen as conformist, these sources of meaning are deeply valued and can form the foundation of a fulfilling life.

Eudaimonic Wellbeing vs. Emotional Happiness

A central distinction in the conversation is between emotional happiness and eudaimonic wellbeing. Emotional happiness refers to short-term positive feelings, while eudaimonic wellbeing is rooted in dimensions like purpose, personal growth, and living in alignment with one’s values.

Mohsen’s longitudinal research has shown that:

  • Emotional happiness and eudaimonic wellbeing are correlated in the short term.

  • Over time, eudaimonic wellbeing predicts future emotional happiness—but not the other way around.

This finding suggests that chasing emotional highs may not lead to sustainable wellbeing. Instead, investing in purpose and meaning may be a more durable path to fulfillment.

Understanding Fear of Happiness

One of Mohsen’s most well-known contributions is his long-running research on the fear of happiness. Across 25+ countries, his team has explored why people in some cultures are hesitant to fully embrace or express happiness.

This fear isn’t about rejecting joy altogether, but rather a belief that intense happiness may lead to negative outcomes—like envy, loss, or punishment. In some cultures, visible happiness may invite the “evil eye” or signal carelessness, making restraint a form of protection.

“People may fear emotional happiness,” says Joshanloo, “but rarely do they fear growth, purpose, or contribution.”

This insight challenges the idea that emotional happiness is the ultimate human goal and helps expand the conversation around what it means to support wellbeing—particularly in diverse or global settings.

What Purpose Tells Us About Money and Satisfaction

In a global dataset spanning 94 countries, Joshanloo examined the relationship between income, purpose, and life satisfaction. His findings were striking: people without a clear sense of purpose placed more importance on income when evaluating their lives. For those with a strong sense of purpose, the correlation between income and life satisfaction was significantly weaker.

In other words, meaning can buffer our reliance on external markers of success.

This insight has direct implications for how we think about motivation, performance, and compensation at work. While money is important, purpose may be a more stable source of satisfaction—especially when work feels meaningful.

From Research to the Workplace: Why Mattering Comes First

So, how can organizations apply these insights?

Joshanloo emphasizes that before people can pursue purpose, they need to believe they matter. Feeling invisible or powerless undermines motivation, whereas believing you can make a difference is the first step toward purpose-driven engagement.

“You can’t make people feel they don’t matter and then expect them to be purposeful,” he says.

For leaders, this means that fostering inclusion and psychological safety is not just a cultural goal—it’s a strategic one. Only when employees feel valued can they fully engage with their work and find meaning in it.

Resources for Further Exploration

Rethinking Performance Management for Workplace Flourishing: Lessons from Antoinette Weibel

In this episode of Meaningful Work Matters, Andrew Soren spoke with Antoinette Weibel, a professor of public management at St. Gallen University’s Business School.

Weibel’s fields of research include trust management in and between organizations, as well as employee engagement/motivation and positive human resource management. Inspired by the work of Sumantra Ghoshal, who wrote about both bad management theories and destroying good practice, Weibel has worked over the past several years to both uncover and teach findings on fostering good leadership and, more broadly speaking, better societies as a result.

Performance Management is Broken

As Weibel makes clear, traditional performance management systems fall short of helping people flourish. These systems are mostly rooted in outdated industrial models that fail to accommodate the complexities of modern, knowledge-based work. Weibel argues that traditional performance management often leads to negative outcomes such as reduced creativity, organizational citizenship, and overall performance. In other words, they destroy the very things they are supposedly in place to foster.

Positive Psychology Can Be Part of the Problem

Weibel also doesn’t shy away from critiquing the field of positive psychology despite her appreciation for its contributions. She points out that positive psychology, when misapplied in organizational contexts, can sometimes reinforce neoliberal ideals. This can lead to practices that focus on making employees happier solely to increase productivity rather than genuinely fostering their well-being.

The metaphor “happy cows produce more milk” illustrates how positive psychology (and humanistic psychology before it) can be misused to exploit workers under the guise of promoting well-being. Weibel emphasizes the need for a more holistic approach that considers systemic changes and ethical implications rather than merely applying positive psychology techniques to boost performance.

The Need for a Paradigm Shift

Weibel says that we need to shift away from a neoliberal paradigm, which prioritizes profit maximization and competition, to a more human-centric approach. This new paradigm, inspired by virtue ethics and more humanistic ideals, emphasizes freedom to be and become rather than merely freedom to have. It calls for organizations to redefine their purpose and contribute to social value, not just shareholder value.

The Global Flourishing Manifesto

For all of these reasons and more, Weibel has been working on The Global Flourishing Manifesto. This manifesto, co-created with her colleague Otti Vogt and a global coalition of HR and business professionals, outlines a vision for reimagining performance management. It is built on four core beliefs:

  1. Growing Better Together: Emphasizing collaboration and mutual development over individual competition and forced rankings.

  2. Freedom to Be or Become: Advocating for environments where employees can fully realize their potential.

  3. Purpose and Social Value: Prioritizing organizational goals that contribute to societal well-being over mere profit maximization.

  4. System Change Over Individual Appraisal: Recognizing the importance of systemic changes to foster flourishing rather than focusing solely on individual performance metrics.

Practical Wisdom and Ethical Leadership

The conversation also touches on the importance of practical wisdom, a concept rooted in Aristotelian ethics. Weibel highlights the need for organizations to cultivate environments where ethical decision-making and practical wisdom are embedded in everyday practices. This involves creating structures and processes that support co-creation, collective growth, and ethical behavior.

Final Thoughts

Weibel aims to spearhead several more initiatives to advance the manifesto. She believes the path forward is through conversation, experimentation, and learning. Two initiatives she’s already started, Leaders for Humanity and Business for Humanity, both look at creating a better system by talking to current thought leaders in this space to answer questions like: Can we reinvent capitalism? Can we heal capitalism from inside? Do we have to change our economic system? Visit Good Leadership Society to learn more and be part of the conversation.